Europe is casting about for an appropriate response to the US and Israeli attacks on Iran. Germany, France and the UK have criticised Tehran's counter-strikes on countries in the region, while the EU has called on all sides to show restraint. "The developments in Iran are extremely worrying," EU Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said. Commentators are more vocal.

The war in the Middle East also has implications for Russia: on the one hand Tehran is a Kremlin ally and supplied Russia with drone technology in particular at the beginning of the war in Ukraine. On the other hand the looming shortages of oil and gas on the global market give Russia an opportunity to increase its earnings on energy exports, which have been restricted by sanctions. The media weigh up the pros and cons.

France will focus on increasing itsuclear arsenal and use it to enhance Europe's collective security, President Emmanuel Macron stated in his speech on the update to the country'suclear doctrine. He also mentioned the possibility of relocating Frenchuclear weapons to other European countries. Shortly after the speech, France and Germany issued a joint statement establishing a "steering group" for closer cooperation on deterrence.